Effects of Progesterone SynthesizedDe Novoin the Developing Purkinje Cell on Its Dendritic Growth and Synaptogenesis

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Abstract
De novo steroidogenesis from cholesterol is a conserved property of vertebrate brains, and such steroids synthesizedde novo in the brain are called neurosteroids. The identification of neurosteroidogenic cells is essential to the understanding of the physiological role of neurosteroids in the brain. We have demonstrated recently that neuronal neurosteroidogenesis occurs in the brain and indicated that the Purkinje cell actively synthesizes several neurosteroids de novo from cholesterol in vertebrates. Interestingly, in the rat, this neuron actively synthesizes progesterone de novo from cholesterol only during neonatal life, when cerebellar cortical formation occurs most markedly. Therefore, in this study, the possible organizing actions of progesterone during cerebellar development have been examined. In vitro studies using cerebellar slice cultures from newborn rats showed that progesterone promotes dose-dependent dendritic outgrowth of Purkinje cells but dose not affect their somata. This effect was blocked by the anti-progestin RU 486 [mifepristone; 17β-hydroxy-11β-(4-methylaminophenyl)-17α-(1-propynyl) estra-4,9-dien-3 one-6–7]. In vivoadministration of progesterone to pups further revealed an increase in the density of Purkinje spine synapses electron microscopically. In contrast to progesterone, there was no significant effect of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, a progesterone metabolite, on Purkinje cell development. Reverse transcription-PCR–Southern and immunocytochemical analyses showed that intranuclear progesterone receptors were expressed in Purkinje cells. These results suggest that progesterone promotes both dendritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis in Purkinje cells through intranuclear receptor-mediated mechanisms during cerebellar development. Such organizing actions may contribute to the formation of the cerebellar neuronal circuit.