Adrenal causes of hypertension: Pheochromocytoma and primary aldosteronism

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Abstract
The clinical presentations of the patient with pheochromocytoma—a rare endocrine neoplasm—include adrenal incidentaloma, hypertensive paroxysms, sustained apparent polygenic hypertension, hypertension in pregnancy, and hypertensive crisis induced by anesthesia. Although when undiagnosed a pheochromocytoma can be lethal, it can usually be cured with surgery. Biochemical documentation with measurements of fractionated metanephrines and catecholamines should precede imaging studies. Abdomen and pelvis computed imaging is usually the first imaging test. Careful preoperative pharmacologic preparation is important for a successful surgical outcome. Adrenal pheochromocytomas can usually be removed laparoscopically, whereas, catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas typically require an open approach. All first degree relatives of pheochromocytoma patients should have biochemical testing. In addition, molecular genetic testing for germline mutations should be considered in most patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma and in all patients with paraganglioma. Primary aldosteronism is a relatively common form of secondary hypertension—affecting 5 to 10% of all patients with hypertension. A plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio should be obtained in patients with hypertension and hypokalemia, resistant hypertension, adrenal incidentaloma and hypertension, onset of hypertension at a young age (e.g., < 20 years of age), severe hypertension (e.g., ≥160 mm Hg systolic or ≥100 mm Hg diastolic), or whenever the clinician is considering other forms of secondary hypertension. The PAC/PRA ratio is a case finding test and a positive result should be confirmed with aldosterone suppression testing with either oral or intravenous sodium loading. The treatment goals for patients with primary aldosteronism are to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension, hypokalemia, and cardiovascular damage. Both the subtype of primary aldosteronism and patient preference should dictate the treatment approach.