Obesity and abdominal fatness associated with undernutrition early in life in a survey in Rio de Janeiro

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Abstract
Undernutrition early in life has been associated with chronic diseases and obesity among adults. Our study tested the hypothesis by examining the association between low stature, a marker of early poor nutrition, with obesity and abdominal fatness among adults. A population-based survey was conducted in 1996, among 2040 households, with a non-response rate of 11.2%. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and skinfolds were measured at home. Age-adjusted prevalence of body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2 was 32% more frequent among adult men, and 60% more frequent among adult women, comparing the first to the fourth quintile of height. A J-shaped curve describes the association between weight and the sum of skinfolds with stature after adjusting for confounding by age, energy intake, physical activity, smoking, age at menarche, and race. The adjusted odds ratio of obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) for short stature, compared to normal stature, was 1.57 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90-2.71 among men and 1.84 with a 95% CI=1.10-3.06 among women. Short stature was associated with the risk of abdominal fatness only among women, with an odds ratio=1.77; 95% CI=1.10-2.83. Increased risk of obesity and abdominal fatness among women of short stature, a marker for undernutrition early in life, was not explained by racial and socio-economic conditions, energy intake or age at menarche.