Ice Forces on Model Structures

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Abstract
Laboratory tests on freshwater ice were conducted by using model structures of various geometries. Vertical and sloping pile sections with diameters up to 36 in. (91.4 cm) were pushed through the ice with an active testing system. The test variables investigated were size, shape, velocity, and slope or angle from the vertical.The data gathered in this study indicates that nominal ice pressure varies indirectly with pile width/ice thickness (D/T) ratio in the range of 1:10. There was no apparent change in nominal ice pressure due to the change of the pile shape. Data gathered in the velocity tests suggests an inverse effect upon the ice pressure, especially at speeds greater than 3 in./s (7.6 cm/s). In the sloping pile tests it was found that the ice pressure decreased with an increase in the slope angle from the vertical position.An expression correlating the vertical and horizontal forces in the sloping pile tests that failed in bending was developed. Values for this linear correlation were found graphically.A comparison of the test results with other investigations is also presented.

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