Axe use efficiency A work theory explanation of an historical trend

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Abstract
In 18th century North America a new form of axe emerged with a heavier head than its older Continental counterpart. The intensive deforestation occurring over that period suggests that this heavier tool may have enhanced work performance. Chopping tests in which axe energy and the axeman's oxygen consumption were measured and compared for axes of differing head-weights appear lo confirm this hypothesis. The commonest mid-19th century American axe head-weight is too heavy for sustained work but its normal use was probably intermittent. The new axe appears to have permitted an increase in productivity, and its selection was advantageous given the structure of the American economy.