Persistent DNA damage inhibits S-phase and G2 progression, and results in apoptosis.

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Abstract
We used genetically related Chinese hamster ovary cell lines proficient or deficient in DNA repair to determine the direct role of UV-induced DNA photoproducts in inhibition of DNA replication and in induction of G2 arrest and apoptosis. UV irradiation of S-phase-synchronized cells causes delays in completion of the S-phase sometimes followed by an extended G2 arrest and apoptosis. The effects of UV irradiation during the S-phase on subsequent cell cycle progression are magnified in repair-deficient cells, indicating that these effects are initiated by persistent DNA damage and not by direct UV activation of signal transduction pathways. Moreover, among the lesions introduced by UV irradiation, persistence of (6-4) photoproducts inhibits DNA synthesis much more than persistence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (which appear to be efficiently bypassed by the DNA replication apparatus). Apoptosis begins approximately 24 h after UV irradiation of S-phase-synchronized cells, occurs to a greater extent in repair-deficient cells, and correlates well with the inability to escape from an extended late S-phase-G2 arrest. We also find that nucleotide excision repair activity (including its coupling to transcription) is similar in the S-phase to what we have previously measured in G1 and G2.

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