Carvedilol

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Abstract
Carvedilol is a β-adrenoreceptor–antagonist drug with α1-adrenoreceptor–antagonist activity. It was approved in the United States in September 1995 for the treatment of patients with essential hypertension and in May 1997, on the basis of the results of several clinical trials,18 became the first adrenoreceptor-blocking drug to receive approval for the treatment of symptomatic heart failure.Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic PropertiesCarvedilol is a racemic lipophilic aryloxypropanolamine (Figure 1) that causes both precapillary vasodilatation by means of α1-adrenoreceptor blockade and nonselective β-adrenoreceptor blockade and is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.9 Its membrane-stabilizing activity is less than that . . .