Practical integration of polymerase chain reaction amplification and electrophoretic analysis in microfluidic devices for genetic analysis

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Abstract
An integrated system of a silicon-based microfabricated polymerase chain reaction (μPCR) chamber and microfabricated electrophoretic glass chips have been developed. The PCR chamber was made of silicon and had aluminum heaters and temperature sensors integrated on the glass anodically bonded cover. Temperature uniformity in the reaction chamber was ±0.3°C using an improved novel “joint-heating” scheme. Thermal cycling was digitally controlled with a temperature accuracy of ± 0.2°C. Small operating volumes together with high thermal conductivity of silicon made the device well suited to rapid cycling; 16 s/cycle were demonstrated. For analysis of the PCR products, the chamber output was transferred to the glass microchip by pressure. Analysis time of PCR amplified genomic DNA was obtained in the microchip in less than 180 s. The analysis procedure employed was reproducible, simple and practical by using viscous sieving solutions of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and dynamically coated microchip channels with poly(vinylpyrrolidone). DNA fragments that differ in size by 18 base pairs (bp) were resolved. Analysis of genomic male and female amplified DNA by μPCR was achieved in microchip, and application of the integrated μPCR-μchip for the identification of bird sex was tested. Genomic DNA samples from several bird species such as pigeon and chicken were analyzed. Hence, the system could be used as well to determine the sex of avian species.