Identification of Novel p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors Using Fragment-Based Lead Generation

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Abstract
We describe the structure-guided optimization of the molecular fragments 2-amino-3-benzyloxypyridine 1 (IC50 1.3 mM) and 3-(2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl)indole 2 (IC50 35 μM) identified using X-ray crystallographic screening of p38α MAP kinase. Using two separate case studies, the article focuses on the key compounds synthesized, the structure−activity relationships and the binding mode observations made during this optimization process, resulting in two potent lead series that demonstrate significant increases in activity. We describe the process of compound elaboration either through the growing out from fragments into adjacent pockets or through the conjoining of overlapping fragments and demonstrate that we have exploited the mobile conserved activation loop, consisting in part of Asp168-Phe169-Gly170 (DFG), to generate significant improvements in potency and kinase selectivity.