Poly(ADP-ribose) Accumulation and Enhancement of Postischemic Brain Damage in 110-kDa Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase Null Mice

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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and metabolized into free adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose units by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Perturbations in PAR synthesis have been shown to play a key role in brain disorders including postischemic brain damage. A single parg gene but two PARG isoforms (110 and 60 kDa) have been detected in mouse cells. Complete suppression of parg gene causes early embryonic lethality, whereas mice selectively lacking the 110 kDa PARG isoform (PARG−/−110) develop normally. We used PARG−/−110 mice to evaluate the importance of PAR catabolism to postischemic brain damage. Poly(ADP-ribose) contents were higher in the brain tissue of PARG−/−110 than PARG+/+110 mice, both under basal conditions and after PARP activation. Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion caused higher increase of brain PAR levels and larger infarct volumes in PARG−/−110 mice than in wild-type counterparts. Of note, the brain of PARG−/−110 mice showed reduced heat-shock protein (HSP)-70 and increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression under both control and ischemic conditions. No differences were detected in brain expression/activation of procaspase-3, PARP-1, Akt, HSP-25 and interleukin-1β. Our findings show that PAR accumulation worsens ischemic brain injury, and highlight the therapeutic potential of strategies capable of maintaining PAR homeostasis.