Reversal of mefloquine resistance with penfluridol in isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from south-west Nigeria

Abstract
The susceptibilities of isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Nigeria and two reference cloned strains (D6 and W2) to mefloquine or chloroquine alone and in combination with either penfluridol, a piperidine analogue, or verapamil were determined using a modification of the semiautomated microdilution technique. Six of the isolates showed reduced susceptibility to mefloquine in vitro. The response of the 6 isolates was similar to that of the mefloquine resistant reference clone D6, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values = 3.29-9.72 ng/ml. Only 2 of the Nigerian isolates were sensitive to mefloquine (IC50 = 1.16 ng/ml and 2.62 ng/ml) and were similar to the reference mefloquine sensitive clone W2 (IC50 = 1.78 ng/ml). All the isolates tested were sensitive to chloroquine, with IC50 values = 1.5-3.04 ng/ml. Simultaneous incubation of the parasites with a constant sub-inhibitory concentration of penfluridol (5.0 x 10(-7)M) and mefloquine increased the susceptibility of the resistant parasites to mefloquine. Addition of the neuroleptic drug penfluridol did not alter the response of sensitive parasites to mefloquine or chloroquine. Similarly, addition of 1.0 x 10(-6)M verapamil did not affect the activity of mefloquine against the sensitive or resistant parasites.