Abstract
The evolutionary origins of the resemblances between living organisms are discussed in general terms. Reasons are given for suggesting that at the lower levels of organisation, exemplified by biochemical characters, cell organelles, and early embryonic forms, similarities do not necessarily imply common ancestry; independent origin is equally probable. This suggestion is relevant to the definition of the term "homology" and also to discussions of the phylogeny of the lower organisms. These questions are briefly considered.

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