Eastern North American Archaeology: A Summary

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Abstract
The initial occupation of Eastern North America was by small bands of people who gained their livelihood by hunting and gathering. As time passed, the occupants of different regions became increasingly familiar with the available natural resources. The development or introduction of new tools and devices enabled the people to exploit their environments more effectively, until, by Late Archaic times, population size had increased, in terms both of density within a given area and number of people in individual social units. The initial agricultural productivity aided the culmination of the long cultural traditions in the remarkable productions and practices of the Hopewellian complexes of Middle Woodland times. The major Hopewellian centers reflect the marked change in societal organization and patterns. The costumes of the dead and the manner of their burial clearly reflect individual status differentiations, while artistic creativity is probably to be equated with incipient specialization of labor. Many of the Mississippian societies reached an even more advanced plateau of cultural development, with fortified towns, an organized priesthood, dominant hereditary chiefs, political and military alliances, and a well-developed class system. The details of the cultural development in Eastern North America are unique, but the general trend may be regarded as a common one in human society, and the patterns of behavior, as analogous to those developed by other peoples in other areas of the Old World and the New.