The impact of fraudulent research on the scientific literature. The Stephen E. Breuning case

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Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the research impact of scientific fraud through citation analysis to 20 Breuning publications, using the 1980 to 1988 Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index. These publications received 200 citations, of which 80 (40.0%) were self-citations by Breuning or his coauthors. Tracked over time, non-self-citations declined sharply in 1986 and later years, coinciding with disclosure of Breuning''s fraud. The data indicated that, in this case, researchers effectively shunned work known to be or even suspected of being falsified. Unique citation contexts (101) were examined to see how citing authors used Breuning''s work: 33 were negative (disagreed with findings/methods), 10 positive (agreed), and 58 neutral (no valuation). Also, 63 were inconsequential (no influence on the citing author''s analysis/conclusion). Thirty-eight were material, but 21 of these led to negative conclusions. These data diminish the apparent impact of Breuning''s work suggested by total citations alone.

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