Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Dioxins from High- and Low-Carbon Fly Ash

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Abstract
This study investigates the replacement of Soxhlet extraction by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) or accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for the removal of dioxins from municipal waste incinerator fly ash. SFE is very matrix dependent; higher percent recoveries versus Soxhlet extraction can be obtained for low-carbon-level fly ash, but only a few percent of dioxins can be extracted from high-carbon-level fly ash. The addition of large quantities of toluene in the extraction cell prior to extraction of high-carbon fly ash improves the recovery of the lowest chlorinated dioxins (∼90%), but a maximum of 20% of the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins can be extracted. Since large quantities of toluene are needed to improve the recoveries, ASE with toluene was tested. Recoveries similar to Soxhlet extraction can be obtained in 2 h at 80 °C. Increasing the temperature to 150 °C increases the extraction rate and yields recoveries of ∼110−160% compared to 48-h Soxhlet extraction for all congeners for both low- and high-carbon fly ashes. These results question the choice of Soxhlet extraction as a reference method for dioxin determination.