Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken*

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Abstract
Anadón, A., Bringas, P., Martinez‐Larrañaga, M.R., Diaz, M.J. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken. J. vet. Pharmacol Therap.17, 52–58.The pharmacokinetic properties of chloramphenicol were determined in broiler chickens after two sinSle oral doses (30 and 50 mg/kS body weight) and after a single intravenous (i.v.) dose (30 mg/kg body weight). After oral and i.v. administration, the plasma concentration‐time graph was characteristic of a two‐compartment open model. After oral administration (30 and 50 mg/kg). chloramphenicol was absorbed rapidly (time to maximal concentration of 0.72 or 0.60 h) and eliminated with a mean half‐life (t½β) of 6.8 7 or 7.41 h, respectively. The bioavailability was 29% at 30 mg/kg chloramphenicol and 38% at 50 mg/kg chloramphenicol. Concentrations greater than 5 (m̈g/ml were achieved at 15 min and persisted up to 2 or 4 h post‐administration, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the two routes of administration were found for the pharmacokinetic variables, half‐lives of both distribution and elimination phases (t½αt½β) and apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)]. The meant½β of chloramphenicol and i.v. administration was 5.23 h. Chloramphenicol was extensively metabolized into dehydrochloramphenicol (DH‐CAP), nitrophenylaminopropanedione (NPAP) and nitroso‐chlorampheni‐col (NO‐CAP) derivatives. Residues of chloramphenicol (CAP) and the three metabolites DH‐CAP, NPAP and NO‐CAP in kidney, liver and muscle were measured in chickens that received an oral dose of 50 mg/kg once daily for 4 days. The results indicate that CAP and DH‐CAP residues were cleared slowly and were at or below the detection limit of 0.005 m̈g/ml within 12 days after dosing. However, at the time of slaughter (12 days), the NPAP and NO‐CAP residues were detected in the tissue.

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