An overview of the 1995 SWARM shallow-water internal wave acoustic scattering experiment

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Abstract
An overview is given of the July-August 1995 SWARM shallow-water internal wave acoustic scattering experiment. This experiment studied both acoustic propagation through and scattering by the linear and nonlinear internal waves found on the Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf, as well as the physical oceanography of the internal wavefield. In order that their goal of explaining the nature of the acoustic scattering should not be hindered by incomplete environmental knowledge, numerous instruments, both ship-deployed and moored, measured the acoustics, geophysics, and oceanography. In this paper, the authors show some of the results from the first year's analysis of the environmental and acoustic data. The environmental measurements, which are a key input to the analyses of the acoustic data, are given slightly more emphasis at this point in time. Some of the more interesting oceanographic, geophysical, and acoustical results the authors present are: evidence for the dominance of the lee-wave mechanism for soliton production, evidence for the "solibore internal tide" the "dnoidal wave" description of solitons, the inversion of chirp sonar data for bottom properties, propagation loss extraction from air-gun data, and the intensity and travel-time fluctuations seen in propagating acoustic normal modes. Directions for future research are outlined.