Rapid-freezing transmural cardiac biopsy drill

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Abstract
A transmural cardiac biopsy drill that uses an air turbine (10,000 rpm) to turn a stainless steel bore of either 2.0 or 4.5 mm diameter. Vacuum draws the cut biopsies through the drill into isopentane, chilled to -150.degree. C with liquid nitrogen. The steel bores cut through the beating canine left ventricular free wall in 0.14 .+-. 0.04 permitting sampling in discrete portions of the cardiac cycle. Small and large biopsies traverse the drill in 0.48 .+-. 0.19 and 0.15 .+-. 0.04 s, respectively. Large biopsies freeze in 1.46 .+-. 0.73 s. Small biopsies are calculated to freeze in 0.28 s. Average biopsy weights are 34 .+-. 14 and 180 .+-. 71 mg. Left ventricular myocardial blood flow measured with radionuclide-labeled microspheres showed that muscle plugs sutured into wound sites of 4.5 mm diameter biopsies caused a 30% reduction in myocardial blood flow within 0.5 cm of the biopsy site. Light microscopy showed normal cardiac muscle with little damage from drill rotation.

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