Kinetic and Structural Studies on the Interaction of Cholinesterases with the Anti-Alzheimer Drug Rivastigmine,
- 19 February 2002
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in Biochemistry
- Vol. 41 (11) , 3555-3564
- https://doi.org/10.1021/bi020016x
Abstract
Rivastigmine, a carbamate inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, is already in use for treatment of Alzheimer's disease under the trade name of Exelon. Rivastigmine carbamylates Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase very slowly (ki = 2.0 M-1 min-1), whereas the bimolecular rate constant for inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase is >1600-fold higher (ki = 3300 M-1 min-1). For human butyrylcholinesterase and for Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase, carbamylation is even more rapid (ki = 9 × 104 and 5 × 105 M-1 min-1, respectively). Spontaneous reactivation of all four conjugates is very slow, with Torpedo enzyme after 48 h. The crystal structure of the conjugate of rivastigmine with Torpedo acetylcholinesterase was determined to 2.2 Å resolution. It revealed that the carbamyl moiety is covalently linked to the active-site serine, with the leaving group, (−)-S-3-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol, being retained in the “anionic” site. A significant movement of the active-site histidine (H440) away from its normal hydrogen-bonded partner, E327, was observed, resulting in disruption of the catalytic triad. This movement may provide an explanation for the unusually slow kinetics of reactivation.Keywords
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