Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Baeyer−Villiger Oxidation of Ketones and the Effect of α-Halo Substituents

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Abstract
The Baeyer−Villiger reactions of acetone and 3-pentanone, including their fluorinated and chlorinated derivatives, with performic acid have been studied by ab initio and DFT calculations. Results are compared with experimental findings for the Baeyer−Villiger oxidation of aliphatic fluoro and chloroketones. According to theoretical results, the first transition state is rate-determining for all substrates even in the presence of acid catalyst. Although the introduction of acid into the reaction pathway leads to a dramatic decrease in the activation energy for the first transition state (TS), once entropy is included in the calculations, the enthalpic gain is lost. Of all substrates examined, pentanone reacts with performic acid via the lowest energy transition state. The second transition state is also lowest for pentanone, illustrating the accelerating effect of the additional alkyl group. Interestingly, there is only a small energetic difference in the transition states leading to migration of the fluorinated substituent versus the alkyl substituent in fluoropentanone and fluoroacetone. These differences match remarkably well with the experimentally obtained ratios of oxidation at the fluorinated and nonfluorinated carbons in a series of aliphatic ketones (calculated, 0.3 kcal/mol, observed, 0.5 kcal/mol), which are reported herein. The migration of the chlorinated substituent is significantly more difficult than that of the alkyl, with a difference in the second transition state of approximately 2.6 kcal/mol.