X. On the foci of lines seen through a crystalline plate

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Abstract
At the Soirée of the Royal Society on the 25th of April Mr. Sorby showed me the method he had recently devised for discriminating between minerals by focusing a microscope over a delicate image of cross lines which image was viewed, first directly, and then through a crystalline plate, having previously been adjusted to be at the distance of the lower surface of the plate. With glass and singly refracting substances the alteration of the focus produced by the interposition of the plate afford a measure of its refractive index. But with a plate cut from a doubly refracting crystal, not only is there more than one focal distance, but fo one at least of the pencils there is (except in special cases) no trust focus, but the foci of the two systems of cross lines are found at two different depths, or else there is no sharply defined image at all, according to the orientation of the lines relatively to lines fixed in the crystalline plate. Moreover the result obtained on applying the formula which, foci is a singly refracting plate, gives the refractive index from the measured displacement of the focus is often widely different from what is known to be the refractive index of the crystal, for the pencil under examination, in a direction perpendicular to the plate. The phenomena will be described in detail by Mr. Sorby in his own paper. My object is to show how they flow from the known laws of double refraction, as consequences of which they will necessarily come under review.

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