Bradykinin and Its Metabolite, Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, Are Selective Inhibitors of α-Thrombin–Induced Platelet Activation

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Abstract
Background Plasma kininogens are selective inhibitors of α-thrombin activation of platelets and endothelial cells. In the present study, we localized the α-thrombin inhibitory sequence of kininogens and describe its mechanism of action. Methods and Results Bradykinin and an analogue, MKRPPGFSPFRSSRIG, inhibited α-thrombin–induced platelet aggregation and secretion with an IC 50 of 0.25 and 1 mmol/L and of 0.23 and 0.5 mmol/L, respectively. The minimal inhibitory peptide was RPPGF. Bradykinin and its analogues did not inhibit ADP-, collagen-, U46619-, or SFLLRN-induced platelet activation or the ability of α-thrombin to cleave chromogenic substrates, clot fibrinogen, or block α-thrombin binding to platelets. Bradykinin, MKRPPGFSPFRSSRIG, and RPPGF abolished α-thrombin–induced (1 nmol/L) calcium mobilization. On flow cytometry, bradykinin and MKRPPGFSPFRSSRIG blocked α-thrombin from removing the epitope of its cleavage site on the cloned thrombin receptor. Furthermore, peptide RPPGF or high-molecular-weight kininogen prevented α-thrombin from cleaving the thrombin receptor peptide, NATLDPRSFLLR, between arginine and serine. Conclusions These results indicate that bradykinin and its metabolites are selective antithrombins by preventing α-thrombin cleavage of the cloned thrombin receptor between arginine-41 and serine-42. These newly recognized antithrombin peptides, which are termed thrombostatins, contribute to the cardioprotective nature of kinins.

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