Operant and Pavlovian control of a defensive shuttle response in goldfish (Carassius auratus).

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Abstract
Found that when a visual signal preceded electric shock, goldfish acquired shuttle responses both when a response avoided the shock (operant contingency) and when shock was not avoidable (Pavlovian contingency). Asymptotic levels of responding were significantly higher when shock could be avoided, but were still substantial when shock was not avoidable. Response termination of the signal had little effect on performance. A control experiment showed that responding resulted from the signal-shock contingency and not from nonassociative factors. A search within the Pavlovian contingency for an UCR similar in form to the CR was inconclusive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

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