Differential antioxidative responses to cadmium in roots and leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad)1

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Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) plants exposed to 4 and 40 μM of Cd for 7 d in hydroponic culture were analysed with reference to the distribution of metal, the accumulation of biomass and the metal's effects on antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves. Cd‐induced a decrease in plant biomass. The maximum accumulation of Cd occurred in roots followed by stems and leaves. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation and an increased tissue concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both roots and leaves indicated that Cd caused oxidative stress in pea plants. Roots and leaves of pea plants responded differently to Cd with reference to the induction of enhanced activities of most of the enzymes monitored in the present study. These differential responses to Cd were further found to be associated with levels of Cd to which the plants were exposed. Cd‐induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was more at 40 μM than at 4 μM in leaves. While catalase (CAT) prominently increased in leaves both at 4 and 40 μM Cd, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed maximum stimulation at 40 μM Cd in roots. Enhancement in glutathione reductase (GR) activity was also more at 40 μM than at 4 μM Cd in roots. While glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity decreased in roots and remained almost unmodified in leaves, glutathione S‐transferase (GST) showed pronounced stimulation in both roots and leaves of pea plants exposed to 40 μM Cd. Increased activities of antioxidative enzymes in Cd‐treated plants suggest that they have some additive function in the mechanism of metal tolerance in pea plants.