Fundamental problems in color vision. I. The principle governing changes in hue, saturation, and lightness of non-selective samples in chromatic illumination.

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Abstract
The single principle governing phenomena of illuminant color, contrasting color and achromaticity in the case of non-selective samples is as follows: in every illumination there is established an adaptation level such that samples having a reflectance near it appear achromatic, above it they take on the hue of the illuminant, and below it they take on the contrasting color to the illuminant. Thus constancy, contrast, and conversion are seen to result from the operation of a common principle and hence must be due to a single visual mechanism. Likewise it is unnecessary to postulate different physiological loci for surface as against aperture colors. Judd''s formula for lightness is shown to predict adaptation lightness under our exptl. conditions. Chief determinants affecting color of objects are the composition of the illuminant, reflectance of the object, and reflectance of background. Black backgrounds induce the color of the illuminant on the object while white backgrounds induce the color complementary to the illuminant on the object. Gray backgrounds show both tendencies as would be expected from the principle enunciated previously.

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