Bradykinin induces mitochondrial ROS generation via NO, cGMP, PKG, and mitoKATP channel opening and leads to cardioprotection

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Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) mimics ischemic preconditioning by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). To identify intermediate steps that lead to ROS generation, rabbit cardiomyocytes were incubated in reduced MitoTracker Red stain, which becomes fluorescent after exposure to ROS. Fluorescence intensity in treated cells was expressed as a percentage of that in paired, untreated cells. BK (500 nM) caused a 51 ± 16% increase in ROS generation ( P < 0.001). Coincubation with either the BK B2-receptor blocker HOE-140 (5 μM) or the free radical scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (1 mM) prevented this increase, which confirms that the response was receptor mediated and ROS were actually being measured. Closing mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (mitoKATP) channels with 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, 1 mM) prevented increased ROS generation. BK-induced ROS generation was blocked by Nω-nitro-m-arginine methyl ester (m-NAME, 200 μM), which implicates nitric oxide as an intermediate. Blockade of guanylyl cyclase with 1- H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3- a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 μM) aborted BK-induced ROS generation but not that from diazoxide, a direct opener of mitoKATP channels. The protein kinase G (PKG) blocker 8-bromoguanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate (25 μM) eliminated the effects of BK. Conversely, direct activation of PKG with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (100 μM) increased ROS generation (39 ± 15%; P < 0.004) similar to BK. This increase was blocked by 5-HD. Finally, the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso- N-acetylpenicillamine (1 μM) increased ROS by 34 ± 6%. This increase was also blocked by 5-HD. In intact rabbit hearts, BK (400 nM) decreased infarction from 30.5 ± 3.0 of the risk zone in control hearts to 11.9 ± 1.4% ( P < 0.01). This protection was aborted by either 200 μM m-NAME or 2 μM ODQ (35.4 ± 5.7 and 30.4 ± 3.0% infarction, respectively; P = not significant vs. control). Hence, BK preconditions through receptor-mediated production of nitric oxide, which activates guanylyl cyclase. The resulting cGMP activates PKG, which opens mitoKATP. Subsequent release of ROS triggers cardioprotection.