HIDDEN NEGATIVISM: EVALUATION OF SWEDISH PARTIES AND THEIR LEADERS UNDER DIFFERENT SURVEY METHODS

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Abstract
A comparison was made of how Swedish adults evaluated political parties and the party leaders under three different survey methods: in-person interviews, telephone interviews, and mailed questionnaires. Both the party leaders and the parties were evaluated more negatively by people responding on the mailed questionnaires. Telephone and in-person interviewees did not differ significantly. The evidence did not indicate that the mailed questionnaire respondents answered more carelessly or in a less coherent manner. The level of evaluation was affected by the method, but the structure of the answers was not. The results imply that most estimates of popular support for political leaders underestimate the level of disapproval.

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