Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Energy Dissipation by H+Ion Recycling in Rat‐Liver Mitochondria Metabolizing Pyruvate

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Abstract
A method was developed for the calculation of metabolic fluxes through individual enzymatic reactions of pyruvate metabolism including the citric acid cycle in rat liver mitochondria incubated at metabolic states between state 4 and state 3. This method is based on the measurement of the specific radioactivities of the products formed from [2‐14C]pyruvate. With this procedure the energy balance of mitochondria incubated in the presence of [2‐14C]pyruvate, ATP, bicarbonate and phosphate at different ATP/ADP ratios in the medium was calculated. The ATP/ADP ratios were maintained at a steady state with creatine kinase plus creatine as a phosphoroyl acceptor. The calculations revealed that by adding increasing concentrations of creatine up to 20 mM the energy dissipated by the mitochondria decreased but showed a local maximum at 13 mM creatine. Omission of bicarbonate from the medium led to a shift of this maximum. When energy dissipation was minimal the overall P/O ratio was maximal. The amount of energy dissipated was paralleled by the magnitude of the pH gradient across the inner membrane. From these results it was concluded that the recycling of H+ions which consists of a passive leakage of H+ions into the matrix and an active extrusion of these ions out of this compartment, is an important energy dissipating process. The H+ion recycling is thus one of the processes which give rise to the state 4 respiration in mitochondria.