Growth‐induced water potentials originate from wall yielding during growth

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Abstract
Multicellular plants display growth‐induced water potentials that generate tensions on water in the apoplast and move water into the growing cells. The potentials are sometimes assumed to arise from wall yielding, keeping the turgor pressure below what otherwise would occur. There has been no direct test of this theory, and therefore whole plants or growing regions of stems (hypocotyls) of dark‐grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings were sealed in a pressure chamber, and wall yielding was decreased by applying external pressure. In whole plants, external pressure had little effect because the plants and water supply were uniformly exposed to the pressure. If pressure was applied to the stem while the roots were outside in water, stem elongation was markedly inhibited because the pressure raised the water potential of the growing region and decreased water entry, reducing wall yielding. Further increasing the pressure prevented water entry completely and measured the tensions in the apoplast in the same growing regions. Tensions were about 0.19 MPa at low external pressure, but diminished as wall yielding was inhibited. At external pressures of about 0.63 MPa, wall yielding was abolished and tensions approached zero. There was a linear relation between wall yielding and tension, supporting the theory that wall yielding lowers the turgor thus causing most of the growth‐induced water potential.