Longitudinal changes in facial type in cases with vertical and horizontal mandibular growth directions

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Abstract
The third of a series of investigations based on the Burlington and Ann Arbor longitudinal samples was aimed to determine whether the differences between the vertical and horizontal types of mandibular growth can be detected at a comparatively early age and whether the differences become more marked with age. In vertical growth cases, mandibular retrognathism — determinable at 9 years of age —subsequently increased longitudinally. In horizontal cases there was upward and forward rotation of the mandibular plane with increasing age. The cranial base became flatter in vertical cases. The mandibular incisal edge proclined relative to the chin in vertical cases and retroclined in horizontal cases.