Subfracture insult to a knee joint causes alterations in the bone and in the functional stiffness of overlying cartilage

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Abstract
The current criteria used by the automotive industry for predicting joint injury are based on fracture of bone, but clinical studies suggest that chronic diseases such as osteoarthrosis can occur from a single blunt insult without bone fracture. In the current study, blunt insults were delivered to the patellofemoral joints of rabbits without producing bone fractures. Biomechanical and histological studies were performed on joint tissues at various times after insult. The functional integrity of the retropatellar cartilage on the lateral facet was measured with mechanical indentation experiments, and the thickness of the subchondral bone was measured from histological sections. Impacts produced surface lesions on the retropatellar cartilage. The thickness of the subchondral bone in representative animals tended to increase with time after insult, and the bone exhibited significant thickening at 12 months. The overlying cartilage showed signs of degeneration. However, the mechanical stiffness of the cartilage did not change until 12 months after the insult.