Some Eurasian Puccinia species attacking Cardueae

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Abstract
Several lineages of Puccinia spp. attacking Cardueae are considered and species concepts are discussed, in an attempt to reach a better understanding of the evolution and relationships of these rusts and their host plants. Host specialization is an important aspect of parasite evolution and accordingly must be considered with morphology among taxonomic criteria. The importance of morphological changes adaptive to arid summers of the Mediterranean climate is emphasized. Several groups of rusts are discussed: microcyclic firm-pedicelled species, which have few taxonomic characters and may be derived from several distantly related heteroecious species; the Puccinia dioicae–P. hieracii lineage; the P. littoralis – P. helianthi lineage; and the P. centaureae – P. laschii lineage, including the somewhat distinct P. cnici group, which is linked to it through P. acarnae. Taxonomic changes include P. jaceae Otth var. solstitialis var. nov. on Centaurea solstitialis and var. diffusae var. nov. on Centaurea diffusa; P.aetheopappi sp. nov. on Aetheopappus pulcherrimus; P.oxyacanthae (Ahmad) comb. nov. on Carthamus oxyacantha; P. laschii Lagerh. var. fennica var. nov. on Cirsium heterophyllum in Finland, var. palustris var. nov. on Cirsium palustre, var. pannonici var. nov. on Cirsium pannonicum, and var. spinosissimi var. nov. on Cirsium spinosissimum; P. cnici Mart. var. crassiuscula nom. nov. on Cirsium eriophorum, ferox, and furiens, and var. turcica var. nov. on Cirsium vulgare var. hypoleucum in Turkey.

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