The introduction of a foreign body into the trachea is almost always associated with cardiovascular disturbances. The changes in arterial pressure and arterial concentrations of noradrenaline [norepinephrine], adrenaline [epinephrine] and dopamine were monitored in 16 patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. Significant increases in mean arterial pressure and plasma noradrenaline were noted. The increases in arterial pressure were associated with increases in noradrenaline concentrations. Adrenaline and dopamine concentrations did not change significantly following intubation. The results suggest a predominantly sympathetic response during intubation and the need for prophylaxis in patients at risk.