Metabolic response of optic centers to visual stimuli in the albino rat: Anatomical and physiological considerations

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Abstract
The functional organization of the visual system was studied in the albino rat. Metabolic differences were measured using the 14-C-2-deoxyglucose (DG) autoradiographic technique during visual stimulation of one entire retina in unrestrained animals. All optic centers responded to changes in light intensity but to different degrees. The greatest change occurred in the superior colliculus, less in the lateral geniculate, and considerably less in second-order sites such as layer IV of visual cortex. These optic centers responded in particular to on/off stimuli, but showed no incremental change during pattern reversal or movement of orientation stimuli. Both the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate increased their metabolic rate as the frequency of stimulation increased, but the magnitude was twice as great in the colliculus. The histological pattern of metabolic change in the visual system was not homogenous. In the superior colliculus glucose utilization increased only in stratum griseum superficiale and was greatest in visuotopic regions representing the peripheral portions of the visual field. Similarly, in the lateral geniculate, only the dorsal nucleus showed an increased response to greater stimulus frequencies. Second-order regions of the visual system showed changes in metabolism in response to visual stimulation, but no incremental response specific for type or frequency of stimuli. To label proteins of axoplasmic transport to study the terminal fields of retinal projections 14C-amino acids were used. This was done to study how the differences in the magnitude of the metabolic response among optic centers were related to the relative quantity of retinofugal projections to these centers. Fast and slow axoplasmic transport were studied using three separate amino acids. In each case over 64% of the radioactivity projecting contralateral from the eye was found in superior colliculus. Considerably less isotope was found in dorsal lateral geniculate (11–17%), ventral lateral geniculate (3.7–6.2%), pretectal nuclei (5–12%), and the accessory optic system (3–7%). The greatest concentration of radioactivity within each optic center was found in the visuotopic aspect subserving the superior visual field; particularly the medial aspects of the superior colliculus, olivary pretectal nucleus, and posterior pretectal nucleus, and the anterior portion of the nucleus of the optic tract. The representation of central vision in the colliculus was relatively pale, as was a zone within the middle of the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate. The anatomical and physiological results of this study suggest that differences in deoxyglucose metabolism among optic centers are primarily related to the number of retinofugal endings and the kind of visual stimulation. Changes within any one center primarily reflect the density of retinal endings subserving the visual field.