The Human Blood-Testis Barrier in Impaired Spermatogenesis

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Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the competence of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) using electron opaque tracers in diverse human testicular pathologies associated with Sertoli cell only syndrome. Two groups of patients were studied: (1) those with complete depletion (absence) of germ cells, and (2) those with severe germ cell depletion but with some germ cells left in the seminiferous epithelium. The first situation was associated with cryptorchidism with absence of germinal cells, idiopathic cases of aplasia of germ cells, peritumoral areas surrounding small seminomas where the seminiferous tubules were observed to contain a predominant population of Sertoli cells, or long estrogen treatment. The second was found also in cryptorchidism with early germ cells, idiopathic azoospermia, and oligospermia associated with sterility. In the first situation, seminiferous tubules lacked lumen and Sertoli cells had immature morphological characteristics, i.e., oval nuclei with smooth profiles, even heterochromatin distribution and a single, small nucleolus. Inter-Sertoli tight junctions were tortuous, interrupted, and mostly perpendicular to the basal lamina. Lanthanum hydroxide or nickel nitrate permeated most of the inter-Sertoli spaces, indicating disruption of the BTB. In the second situation, seminiferous tubules had a lumen, and Sertoli cells exhibited a mature appearance with large tripartite nucleoli and irregular, highly infolded nucleo-lemma. Only spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes showing diverse degrees of cell involution were found. Numerous inter-Sertoli tight junctions, uninterrupted and parallel to the basal lamina, stopped the electron opaque intercellular tracers close to it; this meant the assembly of a competent BTB. Therefore, a close correlation was found between morphological parameters of Sertoli cell maturity, including their tight junction organization, and BTB integrity.