Gas exchange characteristics and temperature relations of two desert annuals: A comparison of a winter-active and a summer-active species

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Abstract
The gas exchange characteristics of two C3 desert annuals with contrasting phenologies, Geraea canescens T. & G. (winter-active) and Dicoria canescens T. & G. (summer-active), both Asteraceae, were determined for plants grown under a moderate (25°/15° C, day/night temperature) and a high (40°/27° C) growth temperature regime. Both species had high photosynthetic capacities; maximum net photosynthetic rates were 38 and 48 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for Geraea and Dicoria, respectively, and were not influenced by growth temperature regime. However, the temperature optima of net photosynthesis shifted from 26° C for Geraea and from 28° C for Dicoria when grown under the moderate temperature regime to 31° C for both species when grown under the high temperature regime. Although the shifts in temperature optima were smaller than those observed for many desert perennials, both species showed substantial increases in photosynthetic rates at high temperatures when grown at 40°/27° C. In general, the gas exchange characteristics of Geraea and Dicoria were very similar to each other and to those reported for other C3 desert annuals. Geraea and Dicoria experienced different seasonal patterns of change in several environmental variables. For Geraea, maximum daily air temperature (T a) increased from 24° to 41° C over its growing season while Dicoria experienced maximum T a at midseason (45° C). At points during their respective growing seasons when midday T a ranged between 35° and 40° C, leaf temperatures (T 1) of both species were below T a and, therefore, were closer to the photosynthetic temperature optima measured in the laboratory. Leaf conductances to water vapor (g 1) and water potentials (ψ) were high at these times, but later in their growing seasons Dicoria maintained high g 1 and ψ while Geraea showed large decreases in these quantities. The ability of Dicoria to successfully growth through the hot, dry summers of the California deserts may be related to its ability to acquire the available water in locally mesic habitats.