Characterization of Trace Elemental Pollutants in Urban Snow Using Proton Induced X-ray Emission and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Abstract
Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) methods were employed to determine trace elemental pollutants in urban snow collected mostly from the island of Montreal and some from Toronto [Ontario, Canada]. The use of small pore filters, 0.40 .mu.m, enabled a distinction to be more between soluble and insoluble particulate fractions. Results for those elements, including heavy metals, that filtered through the 0.40 .mu.m pore filters gave an indication of their bioavailability and potentially toxic actions.