Importation, Colonization, and Establishment of Natural Enemies on the Comstock Mealybug in California12

Abstract
The imported parasites, Allotropa burrelli Muesebeck, A. convexifrons Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), and Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were successfully established on Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) In California. Two additional parasites, Anagyrus subalbipes Ishii and Clausenia purpurea Ishii(both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), that attack P. comstocki in Japan, are not yet established after 2 yr of colonization efforts. Other parasite species of mealybugs were Imported from Japan, South Korea, Paraguay, Brazil, Israel, Iran, and Canada but were either unsuccessfully cultured on P. comstocki or did not become established following their release.

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