Decrease of proteoglycan granule number but increase of their size in articular cartilage of young rabbits after physical exercise and immobilization by splinting

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
The effects of physical exercise (running) and immobilization by splinting on the number and size of proteoglycan (PG) granules and the diameter of collagen fibers of the articular cartilage were studied with the transmission electron microscope with a stereological method. The lateral tibial condyles of 24 young rabbits were examined. The analysis was carried out in the superficial, middle, and deep zones of uncalcified articular cartilage and also in the pericellular, territorial, and interterritorial regions of each zone. PGs were demonstrated in situ by using en bloc staining with the cationic dye ruthenium red, which binds to negative groups of glycosaminoglycans. Results of the control group showed that there was a large pericellular number of PG granules, and the number of granules tended to increase through cartilage depth. The mean diameter of PG granules was highest in the superficial zone and decreased through cartilago depth. The collagen fibers were thicker in the interterritorial than in the territorial region and their diameters increased from superficial toward the deep zone of uncalcified cartilage. Results of the experimental groups showed that the number of ruthenium-red-positive PG granules decreased by 3–46% in all zones and regions after both physical exercise and joint immobilization. On the other hand, the diameter of PG granules increased by 4–42% in all zones and regions in all groups. Collagen fibers in the territorial region of the middle zone were thinner in the exercised and in the splinted knee, while thicker in the contralateral knee to the splinted limb, as compared with the controls. Depending on its degree, mechanical stress or loading of the joint is suggested to have either anabolic or catabolic effects on articular cartilage.