Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. A population-based nested case–control study

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Abstract
Objective: to investigate a number of prospectively collected factors (sociodemographic, medical and behavioural) and their association with incident dementia in a population-based cohort. Design: nested case–control analysis (at 2 and 6 years) of a population-based cohort study. Setting: individuals aged 65 years and above from five centres in England and Wales: two rural (Cambridgeshire and Gwynedd) and three urban (Nottingham, Newcastle and Oxford). Participants: a total of 4,075 individuals from a detailed assessment group, with risk measured at baseline. Main outcome measure: incident dementia at 2 and 6 years. Methods: logistic regression was used to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) for various risk factors and ORs adjusted for age, sex, education and social class. Results: age (90+ versus 65–69 years OR = 25.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.6–56.9) and sex (women versus men OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4) were directly associated with dementia, with a trend by years of education (Ptrend = 0.02) but not social class. Poor self-perceived health (versus good) increased the risk for incident dementia (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.2–6.9). Alcohol and smoking (never, past and current) were neither strongly protective nor predictive. Stroke was strongly related to incident dementia (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1–4.2), as was Parkinson’s disease (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3–9.3), and exposure to general anaesthesia (GA) was inversely associated with dementia development (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.9, with a trend with increasing GA exposure; P = 0.003). Conclusion: in this large multicentre and long-term population-based study, some well-known risk factors for dementia, of vascular and Alzheimer’s type, are confirmed but not others. The association between self-perceived health—a robust predictor of later health outcomes—and incident dementia, independently of other potential risks, warrants further study.