Biology of the Soybean Looper, Pseudoplusia includens1: Characterization of Last-Stage Larvae

Abstract
The biology and behavior of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), was studied from egg hatch to adult emergence, with special emphasis on last-instar development. On an artificial diet, five, six (predominant), and seven instars were observed, with an average duration of 15.4, 16.8, and 20.7 days, respectively. Pupal development was completed in 7 to 9 days, and adults emerged during midday. These studies provided the criteria necessary for selection of insects of the same relative physiological age from a mixed population.
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