Abstract
An approach to sustaining steady-state toroidal currents in tokamaks by use of two separate electron cyclotron heating sources is described. One source creates a minority group of collisionless, barely trapped electrons. The second source uses frequency modulation to detrap some of these with a large degree of toroidal asymmetry. The power dissipated in sustaining the steady-state toroidal current can be less than 1 W/A for typical tokamak conditions.

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