The Morphology and Histology of the Hymenopterous Poison Apparatus. I. Paraponera clavata (Formicidae)

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Abstract
The poison apparatus of Paraponera clavata (F.) is described in detail morphologically and histologically, and compared with the corresponding structures in other Hymenoptera as reported by various investigators. The descriptions include all the glands, sclerites, and associated muscles which function in producing venom prior to the act of stinging and in discharging it during the act. The function of each of the 11 muscles associated with the sting sclerites is discussed, as are the effects of the sting. The venom of this and some other ponerine ants is found to be proteinaceous and hemolytic.

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