Grain boundary topography in tungsten

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Abstract
Small ledges in grain boundaries have been postulated to play an important role in the nucleation of cavities in high temperature creep (Gifkins 1956, McLean 1963), in grain boundary sliding (Gifkins 1963) and in the yielding of metals (Li 1963). Direct experimental evidence of small grain boundary ledges is limited and comes mainly from electron micrographs, but since the dimensions of the postulated ledges are of the order of the limit of resolution of the electron microscope such evidence is not entirely convincing. However, the field ion microscope (Müller 1960) with its better resolution could be expected to provide unambiguous information concerning the existence or otherwise of ledges a few atoms in height and this note describes some observations made with such a microscope.

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