Fluctuation theorems for entropy production in open systems

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Abstract
We derive a fluctuation theorem to describe entropy fluctuations in steady states of systems with density gradients due to open boundaries. The fluctuations are related to the growth rate of the phase-space density, instead of the phase-space contraction rate. Explicit derivations are presented for a multibaker map, but the arguments are rather general, and should hold for a much wider class of dynamical systems. A comparison with recent results for stochastic systems is also given.