Hydrogen Phosphide and Ethyl Formate: Fumigation of Insects Infesting Dates and Other Dried Fruits

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Abstract
The relative toxicity of hydrogen phosphide was determined for the life stages of Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson; the driedfruit beetle, C. hemipterus (L.); the pineapple beetle, Urophorus humeralis (F.); the yellowish nitidulid. Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson); the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); the Indian meal moth. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner); And the raisin moth, Cadra figulilella (Gregson). The relative toxicity of ethyl formate was determined for the life stages of C. hemipterus. O. surinamensis, C. figulilella, and P. interpunctella. In general, with hydrogen Phosphide the egg stage of each species was the most difficult to kill, followed by the pupal sage, while the larval and adult stages were the most susceptible. The pupal stage was the most resistant to ethyl formate fumigation, whereas the adult stage was the most susceptible. With the exception of the driedfruit beetle, the egg stage was more susceptible than the larval stage to ethyl formate fumigation.

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