Abstract
Recovery of a cottonwood-ash-willow [Populus fremontii, Fraxinus velutina and Salix goodingii, respectively] association from overgrazing was extremely limited over a 4-yr period. Seedling reproduction and herbaceous cover increased; overstory tree species composition did not change. Tree growth was not affected by grazing. The younger, associated, codominant tree species differed in composition between the grazed and ungrazed plots.

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