Maternal protein reserves and their influence on lactational performance in rats 4. Tissue protein synthesis and turnover associated with mobilization of maternal protein

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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes in muscle protein turnover involved in the rapid mobilization of protein in rats subjected to severe protein restriction during lactation. Estimates of mammary gland and liver protein synthesis were also made during lactation. Multiparous female Sprague-Dawley rats, caged individually following mating, were offered a high-protein diet (H; 215 g crude protein (N - 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM))ad lib. until parturition. Following parturition, half the females continued to receive diet H, whilst the remainder were offered a diet low in protein (L; 90 g CP/kg DM)ad lib. On days 2, 4, 8 and 12 of lactation, groups of females were used in the estimation of tissue protein synthesis (flooding dose of [3H]phenylalanine) immediately after a milk sample had been obtained. Rates of muscle protein synthesis were unchanged during lactation in group H. The feeding of diet L during lactation reduced the muscle protein synthesis on day 12 to rates that were lower than group H and also the rate on diet L on day 2 (P0·01). However, this fall in muscle protein synthesis was not rapid and muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was different from group H only from day 8 (P0·05). Estimated rates of mammary protein synthesis appeared to be generally unchanged by dietary treatment or stage of lactation. Liver FSR was also unchanged by dietary protein supply or stage of lactation. The effect of dietary protein restriction on liver size and protein content during lactation influenced liver absolute synthesis rate (ASR), and on days 8 and 12 of lactation liver ASR was lower in group L than in group H (P0·001). The loss of muscle protein in rats fed on diet L during lactation (133 mg) occurred mainly between days 2 and 8 of lactation and was primarily associated with a dramatic increase in degradation (13·0% per d), with the decline in synthesis having a much smaller role. A decline in muscle protein degradation during the latter half of lactation was part of the mechanism that prevented excessive muscle protein catabolism. It is thought that the estimation of mammary protein synthesis in the present study was impaired by the milk sampling procedure previously used.