Variable and Constant Performance Errors Within a Group of Individuals

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Abstract
The correct individual single score for a within-S series of errors e about the target (for k trials) is E= √∑e2 /k= √V2 +C2; the commonly used absolute error AE under-represents or deletes the variable error component V. In correlational analysis, the constant error score should be C absolute and V should be used unsquared in order to avoid curvilinearity; in general, r patterns across Ss are not predictable from within-Ss relations. While V and C are necessarily independent within Ss, they usually exhibit substantial correlation across Ss; evaluation of the role of each is sometimes important. Linearity of regression is demanded; it, rather than non-skewness, is shown to be the important assumption in using r. If relations involving algebraic C are of interest, the correlation index may be required because of U-shaped regression. Several common statistical misinterpretations are discussed.

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