Location of Gypsy Moth1 Pupae and Subsequent Pupal Survival in Sparse, Stable Populations

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Abstract
About 90% of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) pupae found in a series of sparse stable populations studied between 1965 and 1968 were either beneath bark flaps or in the litter. Male larvae were more likely to pupate in bark flaps than females. Pupal survival was usually higher among pupae beneath bark flaps than among those in the litter, and bark flaps provided virtually the only pupation locations in the whole environment, within the highest density stratum studied, where female pupae had a reasonable survival probability. Adult gypsy moth production in these populations could be accurately estimated from knowledge of pupal density and sex ratio, and the number of bark flaps per 0.01-acre. Bark flap removal is suggested as a potentially useful technique for preventing outbreaks.

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